11.1 Religion and Society

2026 Syllabus Objectives

  1. Explore the role of religion in society and its relevance for different social groups, which are central to the key concepts of Power, control and resistance, and Socialisation, culture and identity. Examine the contribution of religion to some of the most far-reaching economic, social and political transformations of our time, which links to the key concept of Social change and development. This will provide an opportunity to contrast structural and interactionist theories of religion, thereby drawing connections to the key concept of Structure and human agency.

  2. Ways of defining religion.

  3. Difficulties in measuring religious belief.

  4. Social groups and religiosity, including class, gender, ethnicity and age.

  5. Religion and other belief systems.


Ways of Defining Religion 🔑

Religion can be understood through three broad ideas:

1. Beliefs - A set of beliefs that includes an idea (notion) of 'god', or some kind of supernatural force or being that exists beyond our direct experience.

2. Practices - A set of practices involving such things as:

  • Collective worship and prayer
  • Ceremonies such as weddings or funerals
  • Religious festivals

3. Organisation - Some form of organisation that allows practices and beliefs to be expressed as a group (collectively). This includes:

  • Sacred places reserved for the expression of beliefs (churches, mosques, meeting halls)
  • Religious figures such as vicars, priests, and imams

McGuire (2002) suggests that religion has a 'dual character' – it is both individual and social.

On a social level, religions perform important functions:

  • Socialisation - transmitting religious values and norms
  • Social solidarity - creating unity among believers
  • Social control - regulating behavior through moral codes

📌 Two Approaches to Defining Religion

Inclusive (Functional) Approach

The inclusive approach focuses on what religion does for the individual and society rather than what it is.

  • Defines religion by its functions and effects
  • Durkheim (1912) claimed religion fulfilled social solidarity and social integration
  • Broader definition that can include non-traditional belief systems

Exclusive (Substantive) Approach

The exclusive approach considers religion in a narrower way, focusing on the content or substance.

  • Emphasizes belief in a god or the supernatural
  • More restrictive definition
  • Focuses on specific characteristics of religion

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