Cambridge Notes
AS & A Level
Chemistry
Topic 12.12.1

Chemistry 12.12.1 Notes — AS & A Level

Cambridge AS & A Level Chemistry (9701) revision notes — topic 12.12.1. Syllabus-aligned key concepts for CAIE exam preparation.

1. Atomic structure

1.1 Particles in the atom and atomic radius
1.2 Isotopes
1.3 Electrons energy levels and atomic orbitals
1.4 Ionisation energy

2. Atoms, molecules and stoichiometry

2.1 Relative masses of atoms and molecules
2.2 The mole and the Avogadro constant
2.3 Formulas
2.4 Reacting masses and volumes of solutions and gases

3. Chemical bonding

3.1 Electronegativity and bonding
3.2 Ionic bonding
3.3 Metallic bonding
3.4 Covalent bonding and coordinate dative covalent bonding
3.5 Shapes of molecules
3.6 Intermolecular forces electronegativity and bond properties
3.7 Dot-and-cross diagrams

4. States of matter

4.1 The gaseous state ideal and real gases and pV = nRT
4.2 Bonding and structure

5. Chemical energetics

5.1 Enthalpy change ΔH
5.2 Hess’s law

6. Electrochemistry

6.1 Redox processes electron transfer and changes in oxidation number oxidation state

7. Equilibria

7.1 Chemical equilibria reversible reactions dynamic equilibrium
7.2 Brønsted–Lowry theory of acids and bases

8. Reaction kinetics

8.1 Rate of reaction
8.2 Effect of temperature on reaction rates and the concept of activation energy
8.3 Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts

9. The Periodic Table: chemical periodicity

9.1 Periodicity of physical properties of the elements in Period 3
9.2 Periodicity of chemical properties of the elements in Period 3
9.3 Chemical periodicity of other elements

10. Group 2

10.1 Similarities and trends in the properties of the Group 2 metals magnesium to barium and their compounds

11. Group 17

11.1 Physical properties of the Group 17 elements
11.2 The chemical properties of the halogen elements and the hydrogen halides
11.3 Some reactions of the halide ions
11.4 The reactions of chlorine

12. Nitrogen and sulfur

12.1 Nitrogen and sulfur

13. An introduction to AS Level organic chemistry

13.1 Formulas functional groups and the naming of organic compounds
13.2 Characteristic organic reactions
13.3 Shapes of organic molecules σ and π bonds
13.4 Isomerism structural isomerism and stereoisomerism

14. Hydrocarbons

14.1 Alkanes
14.2 Alkenes

15. Halogen compounds

15.1 Halogenoalkanes

16. Hydroxy compounds

16.1 Alcohols

17. Carbonyl compounds

17.1 Aldehydes and ketones

18. Carboxylic acids and derivatives

18.1 Carboxylic acids
18.2 Esters

19. Nitrogen compounds

19.1 Primary amines
19.2 Nitriles and hydroxynitriles

20. Polymerisation

20.1 Addition polymerisation

21. Organic synthesis

21.1 Organic synthesis

22. Analytical techniques

22.1 Infrared spectroscopy
22.2 Mass spectrometry

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