Cambridge Notes
AS & A Level

AS & A Level Notes — Cambridge Revision

Free Cambridge AS & A Level revision notes across all subjects and topics — Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics, Economics and more.

Law (9084) AS & A Level Notes

Law 1.1 Principles and sources of English law
Law 1.2 Machinery of justice
Law 1.3 Legal personnel
Law 2.1 Elements of a crime
Law 2.2 Offences against property
Law 2.3 Sentencing in England and Wales

Further Mathematics (9231) AS & A Level Notes

Further Mathematics 1.1 Roots of polynomial equations 2
Further Mathematics 1.2 Rational functions and graphs
Further Mathematics 1.3 Summation of series 4
Further Mathematics 1.4 Matrices
Further Mathematics 1.5 Polar coordinates
Further Mathematics 1.6 Vectors
Further Mathematics 1.7 Proof by induction 2
Further Mathematics 3.1 Motion of a projectile
Further Mathematics 3.2 Equilibrium of a rigid body
Further Mathematics 3.3 Circular motion
Further Mathematics 3.4 Hookes law
Further Mathematics 3.5 Linear motion under a variable force
Further Mathematics 3.6 Momentum

Business (9609) AS & A Level Notes

Business 1.1 Enterprise
Business 1.2 Business structure
Business 1.3 Size of business
Business 1.4 Business objectives
Business 1.5 Stakeholders in a business
Business 2.1 Human resource management HRM
Business 2.2 Motivation
Business 2.3 Management
Business 3.1 The nature of marketing
Business 3.2 Market research
Business 3.3 The marketing mix
Business 4.1 The nature of operations
Business 4.2 Inventory management
Business 4.3 Capacity utilisation and outsourcing
Business 5.1 Business finance
Business 5.2 Sources of finance
Business 5.3 Forecasting and managing cash flows
Business 5.4 Costs
Business 5.5 Budgets

Computer Science (9618) AS & A Level Notes

Computer Science 1.1 Data Representation
Computer Science 1.2 Multimedia
Computer Science 1.3 Compression
Computer Science 2.1 Networks including the internet
Computer Science 3.1 Computers and their components
Computer Science 3.2 Logic Gates and Logic Circuits
Computer Science 4.1 Central Processing Unit CPU Architecture
Computer Science 4.2 Assembly Language
Computer Science 4.3 Bit manipulation
Computer Science 5.1 Operating Systems
Computer Science 5.2 Language Translators
Computer Science 6.1 Data Security
Computer Science 6.2 Data Integrity
Computer Science 7.1 Ethics and Ownership
Computer Science 8.1 Database Concepts
Computer Science 8.2 Database Management Systems (DBMS)
Computer Science 8.3 Data Definition Language (DDL) and Data Manipulation Language (DML)
Computer Science 9.1 Computational Thinking Skills
Computer Science 9.2 Algorithms
Computer Science 10.1 Data Types and Records
Computer Science 10.2 Arrays
Computer Science 10.3 Files
Computer Science 10.4 Introduction to Abstract Data Types (ADT)
Computer Science 11.1 Programming Basics
Computer Science 11.2 Constructs
Computer Science 11.3 Structured Programming
Computer Science 12.1 Program Development Life cycle
Computer Science 12.2 Program Design
Computer Science 12.3 Program Testing and Maintenance

Sociology (9699) AS & A Level Notes

Sociology 1.1 The process of learning and socialisation
Sociology 1.2 Social control conformity and resistance
Sociology 1.3 Social identity and change
Sociology 2.1 Types of data methods and research design
Sociology 2.2 Approaches to sociological research
Sociology 3.1 Perspectives on the role of the family
Sociology 3.2 Diversity and social change
Sociology 4.1 Gender equality and experiences of family life
Sociology 4.2 Age and family life

Biology (9700) AS & A Level Notes

Biology 1.1 The microscope in cell studies
Biology 1.2 Cells as the basic units of living organisms
Biology 2.1 Testing for biological molecules
Biology 2.2 Carbohydrates and lipids
Biology 2.3 Proteins
Biology 2.4 Water
Biology 3.1 Mode of action of enzymes
Biology 3.2 Factors that affect enzyme action
Biology 4.1 Fluid mosaic membranes
Biology 4.2 Movement into and out of cells
Biology 5.1 Replication and division of nuclei and cells
Biology 5.2 Chromosome behaviour in mitosis
Biology 6.1 Structure of nucleic acids and replication of DNA
Biology 6.2 Protein synthesis
Biology 7.1 Structure of transport tissues
Biology 7.2 Transport mechanisms
Biology 8.1 The circulatory system
Biology 8.2 Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Biology 8.3 The heart
Biology 9.1 The gas exchange system
Biology 10.1 Infectious diseases
Biology 10.2 Antibiotics
Biology 11.1 The immune system
Biology 11.2 Antibodies and vaccination

Chemistry (9701) AS & A Level Notes

Chemistry 1.1 Particles in the atom and atomic radius
Chemistry 1.2 Isotopes
Chemistry 1.3 Electrons energy levels and atomic orbitals
Chemistry 1.4 Ionisation energy
Chemistry 2.1 Relative masses of atoms and molecules
Chemistry 2.2 The mole and the Avogadro constant
Chemistry 2.3 Formulas
Chemistry 2.4 Reacting masses and volumes of solutions and gases
Chemistry 3.1 Electronegativity and bonding
Chemistry 3.2 Ionic bonding
Chemistry 3.3 Metallic bonding
Chemistry 3.4 Covalent bonding and coordinate dative covalent bonding
Chemistry 3.5 Shapes of molecules
Chemistry 3.6 Intermolecular forces electronegativity and bond properties
Chemistry 3.7 Dot-and-cross diagrams
Chemistry 4.1 The gaseous state ideal and real gases and pV = nRT
Chemistry 4.2 Bonding and structure
Chemistry 5.1 Enthalpy change ΔH
Chemistry 5.2 Hess’s law
Chemistry 6.1 Redox processes electron transfer and changes in oxidation number oxidation state
Chemistry 7.1 Chemical equilibria reversible reactions dynamic equilibrium
Chemistry 7.2 Brønsted–Lowry theory of acids and bases
Chemistry 8.1 Rate of reaction
Chemistry 8.2 Effect of temperature on reaction rates and the concept of activation energy
Chemistry 8.3 Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts
Chemistry 9.1 Periodicity of physical properties of the elements in Period 3
Chemistry 9.2 Periodicity of chemical properties of the elements in Period 3
Chemistry 9.3 Chemical periodicity of other elements
Chemistry 10.1 Similarities and trends in the properties of the Group 2 metals magnesium to barium and their compounds
Chemistry 11.1 Physical properties of the Group 17 elements
Chemistry 11.2 The chemical properties of the halogen elements and the hydrogen halides
Chemistry 11.3 Some reactions of the halide ions
Chemistry 11.4 The reactions of chlorine
Chemistry 12.1 Nitrogen and sulfur
Chemistry 13.1 Formulas functional groups and the naming of organic compounds
Chemistry 13.2 Characteristic organic reactions
Chemistry 13.3 Shapes of organic molecules σ and π bonds
Chemistry 13.4 Isomerism structural isomerism and stereoisomerism
Chemistry 14.1 Alkanes
Chemistry 14.2 Alkenes
Chemistry 15.1 Halogenoalkanes
Chemistry 16.1 Alcohols
Chemistry 17.1 Aldehydes and ketones
Chemistry 18.1 Carboxylic acids
Chemistry 18.2 Esters
Chemistry 19.1 Primary amines
Chemistry 19.2 Nitriles and hydroxynitriles
Chemistry 20.1 Addition polymerisation
Chemistry 21.1 Organic synthesis
Chemistry 22.1 Infrared spectroscopy
Chemistry 22.2 Mass spectrometry

Physics (9702) AS & A Level Notes

Physics 1.1 Physical quantities
Physics 1.2 SI units
Physics 1.3 Errors and uncertainties
Physics 1.4 Scalars and vectors
Physics 2.1 Equations of motion
Physics 3.1 Momentum and Newton’s laws of motion
Physics 3.2 Non-uniform motion
Physics 3.3 Linear momentum and its conservation
Physics 4.1 Turning effects of forces
Physics 4.2 Equilibrium of forces
Physics 4.3 Density and pressure
Physics 5.1 Energy conservation
Physics 5.2 Gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy
Physics 6.1 Stress and strain
Physics 6.2 Elastic and plastic behaviour
Physics 7.1 Progressive waves
Physics 7.2 Transverse and longitudinal waves
Physics 7.3 Doppler effect for sound waves
Physics 7.4 Electromagnetic spectrum
Physics 7.5 Polarisation
Physics 8.1 Stationary waves
Physics 8.2 Diffraction
Physics 8.3 Interference
Physics 8.4 The diffraction grating
Physics 9.1 Electric current
Physics 9.2 Potential difference and power
Physics 9.3 Resistance and resistivity
Physics 10.1 Practical circuits
Physics 10.2 Kirchhoff’s laws
Physics 10.3 Potential dividers
Physics 11.1 Atoms nuclei and radiation
Physics 11.2 Fundamental particles

Accounting (9706) AS & A Level Notes

Accounting 1.1 Types of business entity
Accounting 1.2 The accounting system
Accounting 1.3 Accounting for non-current assets
Accounting 1.4 Reconciliation and verification
Accounting 1.5 Preparation of financial statements
Accounting 1.6 Analysis and communication of accounting information
Accounting 2.1 Costs and cost behaviour
Accounting 2.2 Traditional costing methods

Economics (9708) AS & A Level Notes

Economics 1.1 Scarcity choice and opportunity cost
Economics 1.2 Economic methodology
Economics 1.3 Factors of production
Economics 1.4 Resource allocation in different economic systems
Economics 1.5 Production possibility curves
Economics 1.6 Classification of goods and services
Economics 2.1 Demand and supply curves
Economics 2.2 Price elasticity income elasticity and cross elasticity of demand
Economics 2.3 Price elasticity of supply
Economics 2.4 The interaction of demand and supply
Economics 2.5 Consumer and producer surplus
Economics 3.1 Reasons for government intervention in markets
Economics 3.2 Methods and effects of government intervention in markets
Economics 3.3 Addressing income and wealth inequality
Economics 4.1 National income statistics
Economics 4.2 Introduction to the circular flow of income
Economics 4.3 Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply analysis
Economics 4.4 Economic growth
Economics 4.5 Unemployment
Economics 4.6 Price stability
Economics 5.1 Government macroeconomic policy objectives
Economics 5.2 Fiscal policy
Economics 5.3 Monetary policy
Economics 5.4 Supply-side policy
Economics 6.1 The reasons for international trade
Economics 6.2 Protectionism
Economics 6.3 Current account of the balance of payments
Economics 6.4 Exchange rates
Economics 6.5 Policies to correct imbalances in the current account of the balance of payments

Mathematics (9709) AS & A Level Notes

Mathematics 1.1 Quadratics
Mathematics 1.2 Functions
Mathematics 1.3 Coordinate geometry
Mathematics 1.4 Circular measure
Mathematics 1.5 Trigonometry
Mathematics 1.6 Series
Mathematics 1.7 Differentiation
Mathematics 1.8 Integration
Mathematics 2.1 Algebra
Mathematics 2.2 Logarithmic and exponential functions
Mathematics 2.3 Trigonometry
Mathematics 2.4 Differentiation
Mathematics 2.5 Integration
Mathematics 2.6 Numerical solution of equations
Mathematics 4.1 Forces and equilibrium
Mathematics 4.2 Kinematics of motion in a straight line
Mathematics 4.3 Momentum
Mathematics 4.4 Newton’s laws of motion
Mathematics 4.5 Energy work and power
Mathematics 5.1 Representation of data
Mathematics 5.2 Permutations and combinations
Mathematics 5.3 Probability
Mathematics 5.4 Discrete random variables
Mathematics 5.5 The normal distribution

Psychology (9990) AS & A Level Notes

Psychology 1.1 Biological approach
Psychology 1.2 Cognitive approach
Psychology 1.3 Learning approach
Psychology 1.4 Social approach
Psychology 2.1 Research methods
Psychology 2.2 Methodological concepts

Urdu (9686) AS & A Level Notes

Urdu 4.1 Ghazals غزلیں
Urdu 4.2 Nazmein نظمیں
Urdu 4.3 Nazmein نظمیں
Urdu 4.5 Afsanay افسانے - Short Stories
Urdu 4.6 Anarkali انارکلی